PASSIVE SLUICE
(Syntax) The examples in (1) and (2) involve a pair of an active-antecedent and a "passive-sluice":

1. German:
   Hans
   Hans

   küßte
   kissed

   jemanden,
   someone

   ohne
   without

   zu
   to

   wissen,
   know

   wer
   who.NOM

   *(von
   by

   ihm
   him

   geküßt
   kissed

   wurde).
   was

   '(lit.) Hans kissed someone without knowing who (was kissed by him).'
2. Russian:
   Ivan
   Ivan

   poceloval
   kissed

   kogo-to
   someone

   ne
   NEG

   znaja
   knowing

   kto
   who.NOM

   *(byl
   was

   pocelovan
   kissed

   im).
   by.him

   '(lit.) Ivan kissed someone without knowing who (was kissed by him).'

PASSIVE WITHOUT MORPHOLOGY
(Grammar) There is a passive-like construction in Bùlì in which the internal argument is made the surface subject and crucially, the external argument cannot surface as a by/for phrase in the structure.

Passive without morphology
1. Lāmmú
   meat.DEF

   bɔ̀nì.
   chop

   'The meat was chopped.'
2. Tálímǔ
   farm.DEF

   kpài.
   weed

   'The farm was weeded.'
3. Gbáŋká
   book.def

   chì:n.
   read

   'The book was read.'

PATH
(Semantics) The semantic role describing the locale(s) transversed in motion or propulsion predications.

1. The baby crawled across the room.

PATH COMPONENTS

1. (Semantics) Deixis is a component of Path, which is a broad category covering Vector (e.g. 'from', 'to') and Conformation ('inside', 'outside') along with Deixis ('hither', 'thither'). | L. Talmy, 2000
2. (Semantics) Deixis is not a component of Path (Morita 2011, Matsumoto et al. 2017, Seifen et al. 2021). | Karl Seifen, 2022

PERCEPTION VERB

1. (Grammar) A verb in a natural language that expresses a perceptual event related to a human or other conscious creature. | Fatemeh Zakeri, Fatemeh Behjat, and Mohammad Rostampour, 2018
2. (Syntax) In Catalan:
   1. A sentence with a perception verb and a reflexive clitic:
      La
      the

      nena
      girl

      es
      self

      veu
      sees

      ballar.
      dance

      'The girl sees herself dance.'
   2. A sentence with a perception verb and a pronoun:
      La
      the

      nena
      girl

      la
      her

      veu
      sees

      saltar
      skip

      a
      to

      corda.
      rope

      'The girl sees her skipping the rope'
    | Linda Escobar and Anna Gavarró, 1999

PERCEPTION VERB CONSTRUCTION

1. (Syntax) "Perception verbs" occur with that-clause complements:
   1. a. I saw that John stole the car.
      b. I heard that they came up the stairs.
    They also occur with to-infinitival complements and bare VP complements. But they show the following contrasts in grammaticality:
   2. a. * I saw John to steal the car.
      b. I saw John steal the car.
   3. a. * I heard them to come up the stairs.
      b. I heard them come up the stairs.
   4. a. We saw John to be an obnoxious person.
      b. * We saw John be an obnoxious person.
   5. a. * We've never seen John to be so happy before.
      b. We've never seen John be so happy before.
    | Tsutomu Matsunami, 1985
2. (Syntax) In this presentation, "perception verb construction" refers to a construction that expresses the meaning of 'appear to be', 'look' with a complementary element after terlihat or kelihatan, as in the following sentences.
   1. Indonesian:
      Dia
      3SG

      ter-lihat
      TER-see

      marah.
      angry

      'He looks angry.'
   2. Indonesian:
      Dia
      3SG

      ke-lihat-an
      KE-see-AN

      sedih.
      sad

      'He looks sad.'
    | Yuta Sakon, 2022

PERCEPTUAL ANIMACY
(Cognition) From the beginning, researchers have emphasized that the property of animacy also appears to be perceived in simple displays (Heider and Simmel 1944, Michotte 1950). Michotte even suggested that simple motion-cues provide the foundation for social perception in general:

In ordinary life, the specifying factors—gestures, facial expressions, speech—are innumerable and can be differentiated by an infinity of nuances. But they are all additional refinements compared with the key factors, which are the simple kinetic structures. (Michotte 1950)

PERCEPTUAL CATEGORY LEARNING
(Speech Perception)

• Speech perception is an ongoing perceptual category learning problem.
  • Need to adapt to each talker's accent.
  • An accent corresponds to a particular set of perceptual categories.
• Perceptual category learning comes in two flavors: supervised and unsupervised.
  • Supervised learning: have information that labels each observation with the correct category.
  • Unsupervised learning: only have observations themselves, need to induce clusters based on observed statistics and prior expectations.

PERFECTIVE ASPECT
(Grammar) Or, aoristic aspect (Comrie 1976). Abbreviated PFV. A grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The "perfective aspect" is distinguished from the imperfective aspect, which presents an event as having internal structure (such as ongoing, continuous, or habitual actions). The term "perfective" should be distinguished from "perfect".
 The distinction between perfective and imperfective is more important in some languages than others. In Slavic languages, it is central to the verb system. In other languages such as German, the same form such as ich ging ('I went', 'I was going') can be used perfectively or imperfectively without grammatical distinction (Comrie 1976). In other languages such as Latin, the distinction between perfective and imperfective is made only in the past tense (e.g., Latin veni 'I came' vs. veniebam 'I was coming', 'I used to come') (Comrie 1976). However, perfective should not be confused with tense—perfective aspect can apply to events in the past, present, or future.
 The perfective is often thought of as for events of short duration (e.g., John killed the wasp). However, this is not necessarily true—a perfective verb is equally right for a long-lasting event, provided that it is a complete whole; e.g., Tarquinius Superbus regnavit annos quinque et viginti (Livy) 'Tarquin the Proud reigned for 25 years' (Comrie 1976). It simply "presents an occurrence in summary, viewed as a whole from the outside, without regard for the internal make-up of the occurrence." (Fanning 1990)
 The essence of the perfective is an event seen as a whole. | Wikipedia, 2023

PERFORMATIVE HYPOTHESIS
(Pragmatics) The hypothesis that every sentence is associated with an explicit illocutionary act, i.e., is derived from a deep structure containing a performative verb.
 Sentence (1) is derived from (2), or perhaps (3):

1. I'll write you next week.
2. I claim I'll write you next week.
3. I promise I'll write you next week.

PERIPHERAL CONSONANTS
(Phonology) In Australian linguistics, the "peripheral consonants" are a natural class encompassing consonants articulated at the extremes of the mouth: labials (lip) and velars (soft palate). That is, they are the non-coronal consonants (palatal, dental, alveolar, and postalveolar). In Australian languages, these consonants pattern together both phonotactically and acoustically. In Arabic and Maltese philology, the moon letters transcribe non-coronal consonants, but they do not form a natural class. | Wikipedia, 2021

PERIPHERY

1. (Role and Reference Grammar) In RRG's clause structure representation (the layered structure of the clause), the "periphery" is the part that does not belong to the core, i.e. the predicate and arguments. It corresponds roughly to what is otherwise known as clausal modifiers. | Glottopedia, 2007
2. (Generative Grammar) The left periphery is the part of a syntactic tree above the inflectional phrase(s) (expressing tense, aspect and/or mood), where topic, focus, illocutionary force, etc. are expressed.
    Luigi Rizzi proposed this structure for it:

   [_CP=ForceP For [_TopP Top [_FocP Foc [_FinP Fin [_TP X] ] ] ] ]

    | Wiktionary, 2023

PERIPHRASE
(Rhetoric) The use of more words than are necessary to express the idea; a roundabout, or indirect, way of speaking; circumlocution. | Wiktionary, 2023

PERIPHRASIS
(Stylistics) In English dictionaries the terms "periphrasis" and paraphrase are interpreted as two separate terms. In the Macmillan Dictionary, for example, a periphrasis is defined as a means of expressing something more complex than necessary, and a paraphrase is used as a means of expression or writes using different words, especially to make it short or clear. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms defines a periphrasis as a way of referring to something in several words instead of naming it directly in a single word or phrase. A paraphrase interpreted as a means of repeating the meaning of a text with different words to determine its original meaning. There are several groups of definitions of the term in scientific sources:

1. Periphrasis is defined as a descriptive phrase as follows:
   a. periphrasis: a means of transmission describing the meaning of another phrase or word;
   b. periphrasis: a means of expanding the meaning of another phrase or word;
   c. periphrasis: a stylistic device consisting of a descriptive expression (allegory), an indirect, descriptive definition of objects and events of reality.
2. Periphrasis as a stylistic device is defined as follows:
   a. periphrasis: a stylistic device consisting of replacing the name of an object or other reality with a descriptive phrase that indirectly calls it;
   b. periphrasis: a stylistic device of an indirect, descriptive definition of objects and events of reality.

PERSON-CASE CONSTRAINT

1. (Syntax) Or, me lui, or, Ditransitive Person-Role Constraint. Prohibits first- and second-person phonologically weak accusative or absolutive direct objects (DOs) (clitics, agreement markers, and weak pronouns) when they cluster together in ditransitives with phonologically weak dative indirect objects (IOs) of the same type. The constraint was first documented by Meyer-Lübke (1899) for Romance, was later discussed by Perlmutter (1971) as a restriction applying to combinations of clitics, and was then studied in detail by Bonet (1991, 1994), who showed that it affects phonologically weak elements more generally. The PCC turned out to be extremely robust cross-linguistically, has been documented for a large number of typologically unrelated languages, and has been argued to relate to a number of agreement restrictions displayed in domains other than ditransitives. | Elena Anagnostopoulou, 2014
2. (Syntax) A co-occurrence restriction on certain combinations of phonologically weak arguments of ditransitive verbs which is widely attested cross-linguistically (Perlmutter 1971, Bonet 1991, Anagnostopoulou 2003, Nevins 2007, a.o.). The following varieties of the PCC have been recognized in the literature:

   The Person Case Constraint
   In a combination of a direct object and an indirect object:

   1. Strong: The direct object has to be 3rd person.
   2. Weak: If there is a 3rd person, it has to be the direct object.
   3. Me-First: If there is a 1st person, it has to be the indirect object
   4. Strictly Descending: The argument with the higher person specification (where 1 is higher than 2 is higher than 3) has to be the indirect object.

    The strong version of the PCC prohibits combinations of 1st and 2nd person (local) objects while the weak version allows such combinations, when the indirect object is also a local person. | Anne Sturgeon, Boris Harizanov, Maria Polinsky, Ekaterina Kravtchenko, et al., 2010

PERSON PORTMANTEAU
(Morphology) A marker which bundles the expression of person for subject and object of a verbal predicate into a single morphological unit. Although "person portmanteaus" implement a radically simple alternative to more familiar strategies of cross-referencing verbal arguments, they are cross-linguistically highly marked, and tend to be restricted to very specific combinations of subject and object. Person portmanteaus may therefore be regarded as a type of argument encoding sui generis as well as a litmus test for general properties of argument encoding in head-marking languages. An important though somewhat paradoxical property of person portmanteaus is that they are not necessarily unanalyzable. | J. Trommer, 2009

PF
(Syntax) Abbreviation for Phonetic Form. The least abstract representation of a sentence in Chomsky's theory of grammar. Both PF and LF are conceived as representations which interface with other systems, respectively phonetic and semantic. Occasionally glossed by the term surface structure. | Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics, 2003

PF DELETION

1. (Syntax) A "PF-deletion" hypothesis for VP ellipsis assumes the elided VP is fully syntactically represented but deleted in the phonological component between Spellout and PF. | Wikipedia, 2023
2. (Syntax) We propose that particle-stranding ellipsis (PSE) results from a string-based deletion in the phonological component (see Mukai 2003 and An 2016). The two results derived here strongly suggest that the derivation of PSE involves "PF-deletion". | Yosuke Sato and Masako Maeda, 2018
3. (Syntax) I argue that "PF deletion" operates on strings of elements, similarly to the way that syntactic operations target constituents. The crucial idea is that, although it is mostly syntax that determines what is to be deleted (and, thus, elements that undergo ellipsis are usually syntactic constituents), PF deletion also has its own guidelines when it applies—namely that elements that are elided should form an unbroken, continuous string. | Duk-Ho An, 2016
4. (Syntax) In "PF-deletion" theories, ellipsis is commonly taken to involve non-pronunciation of a constituent which is 'given', i.e. made salient in the discourse. | Justin Colley and Itai Bassi, 2020

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