Sank's Glossary of Linguistics 
 Em-Ens

EMBEDDED ROOT PHENOMENA

  1. (Syntax) Syntactic configurations that are restricted to root clauses and a subset of embedded environments. | Caroline Heycock, 2017
  2. (Syntax) Since the work of Emonds (1970), root transformations are defined as transformations that can only apply in root clauses, that is, non-embedded clauses. For example, topicalization of the direct object is possible in the following root clause:
    1. This book, you should read.
     However, as observed by Hooper and Thompson (1973) in their influential paper, root transformations are also available in a subset of embedded contexts. In the following example, the complement clause, which is embedded by the main clause predicate believe, admits topicalization of the direct object:
    1. John believes that this book Mary read.
     Besides topicalization, Hooper and Thompson (1973) mention a wide range of other transformations, for the most part preposing transformations, that are possible in a subset of embedded contexts. Another phenomenon which can be subsumed under the notion of Embedded Root Phenomena (ERP) is V2 movement in German. | Mailin Antomo, 2012
  3. (Syntax) Embedded root phenomena (ERPs) in Korean and Japanese that are compared to Germanic languages include:
    1. Unintegrated (Reis 1997 for free dass‐clauses in German) or peripheral (Haegeman 2004) adjunct clauses and adverbs.
    2. Appositive (non‐restrictive) relatives (Ross 1967, Emonds 1979, Fabb 1990, de Vries 2006, Citko 2008).
    3. Subordinate clauses with matrix verbs that typically embed indicative mood in Romance.
    4. Germanic EV2 constructions (Reis 1997, Bentzen et al. 2007) in subjunctive in German.
    5. Topic phrases with non‐contrastive topic markers nun and wa in Korean and Japanese (Whitman 1989, Poltner and Yabushita 1998).
     Here I further identify two cases of embedded root phenomena in Korean and Japanese:
    1. Embedded clauses in subjunctive mood.
    2. Embedded clauses with evaluative negation which is also a subspecies of subjunctive clauses (Yoon 2010).
     | Suwon Yoon, 2001

EMOTIVE COLOR TERMS
(Pragmatics) In Korean, a subcase of expressive elements, analyzed as Conventional Implicature (Potts 2005). What is particularly noteworthy about Korean color terms, however, is the fact that many of the possible variants can convey the speaker's positive or negative emotional attitude that is reflected in a particular derivation of the color term, in addition to the regular meaning of the color term concerning quality/quantity of the color (Kennedy and McNally 2010). | Suwon Yoon, 2018

EMOTIVE FACTIVE

  1. (Pragmatics) Or, evaluative. Emotive-factive predicates convey a speaker's evaluation of a particular event (Becker 2010, Portner 2018). They include expressions such as be happy (that), be sad (that), and regret. They are an intriguing class of predicates since they exhibit extensive cross-linguistic variation in their selection of mood (Quer 1998, Portner 2018). For instance, whereas Romanian and Greek require the indicative, French, Catalan, and Spanish call for the subjunctive (Farkas 1992, Giannakidou 2015, Quer 1998, 2009). | Tris Faulkner, 2021
  2. (Pragmatics) There is a difference between two types of factives: cognitive factives like discover and find out on the one hand, which convey a relation between a proposition and states or events relating to the subject's doxastic state, and emotive factives like regret and be happy on the other hand, which communicate a relation between a proposition and the subject's emotive affect towards it.
     It was already noted by Karttunen (1971) that what he called semi-factives (such as discover and find out) can easily lose their presuppositional status. For example, they do not necessarily project from the antecedents of conditionals, in contrast to other factives such as regret, as illustrated in (1).
    1. a. If I discover later that the proposal offended them, I will apologize.
       (Does not presuppose the proposal offended them.)
      b. If I regret later that the proposal offended them, I will apologize.
       (Presupposes the proposal offended them.)
     (1a) conveys no commitment on part of the speaker to the proposition the proposal offended them, despite the fact that discover typically conveys the truth of its complement at a global level. Furthermore, cognitive factives can be used "parenthetically" (e.g. Hooper and Thompson 1973, Simons 2007) by having the embedded clause answer a question, as shown in (2) from Simons (2007), whereas emotive factives typically cannot be used this way (3).
    1. A: Where was Harriet yesterday?
      B: Henry discovered that she had a job interview at Princeton.
    2. A: Where was Harriet yesterday?
      B: ?? Henry is happy that she had a job interview at Princeton.
     | Kajsa Djarv, Jérémy Zehr, and Florian Schwarz, 2018
  3. (Pragmatics) Giannakidou (2006) had argued that any can be "rescued" after an affective predicate if the latter makes a non-veridical inference available in the global context of the sentence with which the polarity item can be associated, as is the case in (1):
    1. Larry regrets that he said anything. → Larry would prefer it if he had not said anything.
     In contrast to negative emotive predicates like regret, "a positive emotive verb (...) is not affective and does not admit PIs [Polarity Items]" (Giannakidou 2006), as shown in (2):
    1. * Larry is glad that he said anything.
     Giannakidou observes in addition that "factivity in general is not a sufficient condition for PIs: factive verbs that are not emotive, such as know, do not allow any":
    1. * John knows that Bill said anything.
    Giannakidou (2006) goes on however to mention the fact that PIs such as any can occasionally be found with positive emotive factives, as illustrated by (4):
    1. Bill is glad that we got any tickets at all.
     This is said to occur only if "context inferencing makes salient somehow a quasi-negative proposition," in this case the implication that it was almost impossible to get tickets and so Bill had not expected that he would be able to purchase any at all. | Patrick Duffley and Pierre Larrivée, 2019

EMOTIVITY
(Grammar) Webster’s Online Dictionary defines emotivity as emotiveness, i.e. "susceptibility to emotion". Collins Dictionary also defines emotivity through emotiveness only interpreting the latter as "qualities that tend or are designed to arouse emotion". According to the English-language Wiktionary, emotivity is the condition of being emotive, i.e. 1) appealing to one's emotions or 2) of, or relating to emotion.
 Linguistically speaking, emotivity is understood as an immanently inherent in the language semantic property of expressing, with its own means, emotionality as a fact of state of mind; it [emotivity] has two planes: the plane of expression and the plane of content through which emotional conditions/states are reflected in the language (Shakhovsky 2008).
 Emotivity in a literary text is achieved through an array of text components, so-called emotivity indicators, i.e. emotionally loaded words, phrases, sentences explicitly or implicitly indicating the speaker's emotional intentions and as a result modeling the reader's possible response to the text reality (Gladyo 2000).
 Since emotional coloring can be imparted to the text on various levels of the language system (phonetics, morphology, syntax, lexicology, etc), it seems reasonable enough to assume that emotivity indicators vary from level to level.
 When studying phonetic emotivity indicators, attention should be paid to the fact that emotivity can exist both on the segmental and the suprasegmental levels. For instance, on the segmental level emotions cause lengthening of vowels, change of the sound quality, etc; while on the suprasegmental level the emotional condition and reactions can be characterized by emotive-prosodic coloring of what is said with emotive expressions being always marked by intonation and pace change, decrease or increase in loudness, pause-making, stress or tone modulation. Interacting with the lexico-grammatical components of the expression, they introduce additional semantic shades to its meaning. | Tatyana Verenko, 2013

EMPHATIC JUNCTURE
(Prosody) In American English, the Intonational Phrase (IP) is the largest prosodic phrase. The right edge of an IP is marked with a boundary tone (e.g. H%, L%), final lengthening, and a large juncture after the final word of the IP that may include a pause (Pierrehumbert 1980, Beckman and Ayers-Elam 1997, Beckman, Hirschberg, and Shattuck-Hufnagel 2005). In many cases, IP boundaries align with the edges of syntactic constituents (Selkirk 1986, 2011, a.o.). In some cases, however, speakers insert additional IP boundaries for information structural reasons, such as adding a pause before and/or after narrow focus or adding a pause after a contrastive topic item.
 I present evidence for a new nonsyntactic use of the IP boundary, the emphatic juncture (EJ), annotated on the Breaks tier in MAE_ToBI (Beckman, Hirschberg, and Shattuck-Hufnagel, 2005) as 4e. The EJ is found in various constructions such as transparent free relatives (e.g. in what some folks call a % silver tsunami), partial quotation (e.g. Larry challenged an % "alarming rule" % at the board meeting), and in various speech styles, such as sermon speech or news speech. | Bethany Sturman, 2019

ENDOCENTRIC COMPOUND

  1. (Morphology) 
      Subordinative Attributive Coordinative
    Endocentric water bottle blackbird bittersweet
    Exocentric pickpocket greybeard Austria-Hungary
     (Guevara and Scalise 2005, Scalise and Vogel 2010)
     Endocentric compounds are typically compositional and productive. Exocentric compounds are typically idiosyncratic and unproductive, as in (1) and (2).
    1. beer bottle, whiskey bottle, wine bottle → CBD beer bottle, bubble tea bottle, probiotic soda bottle
    2. pickpocket → ?pickbag, ?pickjacket, ?pickwallet, ?pickbackpack
     | Frane Malenica, 2023
  2. (Morphology) At the most general level, compounds are divided into endocentric and exocentric, based on the broad relationship between the two constituents. Endocentric compounds are characterized by the "presence of a head constituent" (Scalise and Bisetto 2009). The head carries both the grammatical and semantic functions of the compound while it is further specified by the first constituent, i.e. the modifier; hence straw in straw hat specifies a particular type of hat (Olsen 2000). | Frane Malenica and Lucija Žinić, 2019
  3. (Morphology) Consists of a head, i.e. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning. For example, the English compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog. Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse. (Such compounds were called tatpuruṣa in the Sanskrit tradition.) | Wikipedia, 2022

ENDOCENTRICITY
(Syntax) A constraint that imposes asymmetry on syntactic representations. Requires that a complex category must be projected from exactly one of its daughters, as in (1). Any other daughters are syntactically subordinate. Endocentricity is in effect a ban on two types of symmetric structure: categories with multiple heads, as in (2), and categories without a head, as in (3). In neither of these structures has one daughter been subordinated to the other. 

 
   1.        X'
            / \
           /   \
          X     Y

   2. *      X'
            / \
           /   \
          X     X
       
   3. *      -
            / \
           /   \
          Z     Y
 | Ad Neeleman, Joy Philip, Misako Tanaka, and Hans van de Koot, 2022

ENDOCLISIS
(Morphology) Refers to the situation where a clitic appears neither as a proclitic at the beginning of a word nor an enclitic at the end, but in fact appears internal to the word itself. As a phenomenon, it is found in remarkably few languages around the world. In fact, as Alice Harris (2002) points out, in various frameworks it is considered to be impossible. However, as further shown by Harris, there do exist cases where it seems undeniable that clitics appear internal to a word. Harris makes this claim based on data from Udi (Northeast Caucasian) and she goes through in detail that the relevant elements under consideration are in fact clitics, and moreover that they clearly appear word-internally.

  1. pasčaɣ-un
    king-GEN
    ɣar-en
    boy-ERG
    gölö
    much
    be-ne-ɣ-sa
    look1-3SG-look2-PRES
    met'a-laxo
    this.GEN-on
    'The prince looks at this for a long time.'
  2. pasčaɣ-on
    king-GEN
    ɣar-muɣ-on
    boy-PL-ERG
    lašk'o-q'un-b-esa
    wedding-3PL-DO-PRES
    'The king's son's married.'
 | Peter W. Smith, 2013

ENDONYM
(Semantics) A name used by a group or category of people to refer to themselves or their language, as opposed to a name given to them by other groups. For example, Deutschen is the "endonym" of a people known in English as German, and Mapuche is the endonym for the people referred to by outsiders as Araucanos. | Wiktionary, 2023

 

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